On the history of the formation and development of the Kharkiv scientific school of planetology
Heading:
| 1Balyshev, MA, 2Koval, Yu.Yu. 1Central State Scientific and Technical Archive of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine 2National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute», Kharkiv, Ukraine |
| Space Sci. & Technol. 2025, 31 ;(4):62-76 |
| https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2025.04.062 |
| Publication Language: Ukrainian |
Abstract: The paper is devoted to the formation and development of the scientific school of planetology of Academician Mykola Bara-
bashov, which emerged in the 1930s at the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory. During this period, research focused on studying the physical conditions on the Moon, Sun, planets, and interstellar environment under various observation conditions was developed here. The genesis of the formation of the scientific school of planetology has been studied; the process of determining the main objects and methods of research, their development and improvement has been shown. In particular, the development of photographic photometry methods by academician Mykola Barabashov was traced, whose research strategy was based on processing long series of observations of the Moon and planets under different conditions of their illumination by the Sun. Based on the data collected, Kharkiv astronomers (students and followers of Mykola Barabashov) drew conclusions about the structure of the surfaces of the studied celestial bodies, the properties of their atmospheres (Mars, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn), and began investigating the processes occurring on the planets. It is shown that the development of the scientific team at the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory, united by common research topics and methodologies, was significantly influenced by the activities of the Commission on Planetary Physics of the Astronomical Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which was headed by Academician Mykola Barabashov in the 1950s and 1960s. The achievements of representatives of the Kharkiv scientific school of planetology in the field of physics and chemistry of the Moon, large and small planets of the Solar System, were highly appreciated and received worldwide recognition from the scientific community. At the same time, this allowed specialists from the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory to participate in solving problems related to the development of spacecraft, conducting special photometric studies of the Moon, Mars, and Venus as a part of the USSR space program in the 1960s—1980s, and subsequently to participate in international research projects. It is highlighted that the Kharkiv scientific school of planetology, which currently has several branches, continues to progress and already unites about 100 fifth-generation researchers who work in various astronomical institutions in Ukraine and around the world. |
| Keywords: astronomical research, history of astronomy, history of science and technology, Kharkiv astronomical observatory, Mykola Barabashov, photometry, planetology, scientific school, space research |
References:
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24. Barabashov N. P., Semejkyn B. E. (1936). On the temperature effect of photographic plates. Proc. Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Metrology and Standardization, No. 1, 3-11 [in Russian].
25. Barabashov N. P., Tymoshenko Y. F. (1940). Photographic photometry of Mars in red and blue rays. Astron. J., 17, No. 5, 44-53 [in Russian].
26. Barabashov N. P., Chekyrda A. T. (1950). Photographic spectrophotometry of Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Proc. Astron. Observatory, 1, No. 9, 19-23 [in Russian].
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34. Koval Yu. Yu. (2024). The founding and development of M. P. Barabashov's Scientific School of Planetology in the 1930s 1970s. Automation, electronics, information and measurement technologies: education, science, practice: materials of the V Int. Sci. and Techn. Conf. (November 28-29, 2024). Kharkiv, 232-233 [in Ukrainian].
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36. Lebedynets V. N. (1957). Absolute photographic photometry of Jupiter and Saturn with light filters. Scientific Notes of Kharkiv State Univ., 91, 167-239 [in Russian].
37. Nikolenko D. M. (2012). The Astronomical School of Nikolai Pavlovich Barabashov. Ukraine and the World: humanities and technical elite and social progress. Abstracts of reports of the Int. Sci. and Theor. Conf. Kharkiv: NTU «KhPI», Part 3, 11-113 [in Ukrainian].
38. Khramov Yu. O. (2008). Scientific Schools in the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Science and Science of Science, No. 4, 122-133 [in Ukrainian].
39. Fedorets V. A. (1952). Photographic photometry of the lunar surface. Scientific notes of Kharkov State Univ., 42, 49-172 [in Russian].
40. Furdylo V. D. (1941). Monochromatic photometry of the rings of Saturn. Publs Kharkiv Astron. Observatory, 7, 53-68 [in Russian].
41. Yanyts'kyj B. (1994). Barabashov School. Sloboda Region. August 18 [in Ukrainian].
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https://doi.org/10.15407/knit1996.03.005
43. Artemenko T. G., Balyshev M. A., Vavilova I. B. (2009). Struve dynasty in the history of astronomy in Ukraine. Kinematics and Phys. Celestial Bodies, 25(3), 153-167. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591309030040
https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591309030040
44. Balyshev M. A. (2018). Historical and biographical research of life and scientific activity of Boris Semeykin (1900-1938). Kinematics and Phys. Celestial Bodies, 34(2), 98-101. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591318020022
https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591318020022
45. Balyshev M. A. (2022). Activity of the Astronomical Observatory of Kharkiv University and Its Employees during the German-Soviet War (1941-1945). Kinematics and Phys. Celestial Bodies, 38(5), 279-285.
https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591322050038
46. Barabascheff N. (1923). Bestimmung der Erdalbedo und des Reflexion Gesetzes für die Oberflache der Mondmeere. Theorie der Rillen. Astron. Nachr., 217 (5207), 445-452.
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.19222172302
47. Barabascheff N. (1926). Polarimetrische Beobachtungen an der Mondoberfläche und an Gesteinen. Astron. Nachr., 229 (5473), 7-14.
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.19262290104
48. Vavilova I. B., Artemenko T. G., Pakuliak L. K. (2014). Biographical index "Astronomers of Ukraine" at the UkrVO portal. Kinematics and Phys. Celestial Bodies, 30(1), 46-52. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591314010073
https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591314010073
49. Vavilova I. B., Dobrycheva D. V., Vasylenko M. Yu., Elyiv A. A., Melnyk O. V., Khramtsov V. (2021). Machine learning technique for mor-phological classify-cation of galaxies from the SDSS. I. Photomet ry-based approach. Astron. and Astrophys., 648, Id. A122, 14 p.
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038981
50. Yatskiv Y. S., Vavilova I. B. (2009). Astronomy education and scientific schools in Ukraine. Proc. Int. Astron. Union, IAU Symp. S260: The Role of Astronomy in Society and Culture, 5, 696-703.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743921311003048
12. Barabashov M. P. (1931). Photographic photometry of Jupiter's disk. Publ. Kharkiv Astron. Observatory, Issue. 3, 3-52 [in Russian].
13. Barabashov N. P. (1944). On determining the albedo, attenuation coefficient, and light scattering in planetary atmospheres. Bull. Astron. observatory of the Kharkiv State Univ., No. 4, 4-6 [in Russian].
14. Barabashov N. P. (1946). The atmosphere and surface of Mars. Astron. J., 23, No. 6, 321-331 [in Russian].
15. Barabashov N. P. (1947). On the change in color of the "seas" of Mars. Astron. J., 24, No. 3, 137-144 [in Russian].
16. Barabashov N. P. (1952). Investigation of physical conditions on the Moon and planets. Kharkov: Hosudarstvennyj unyversytet, 272 p. [in Russian].
17. Barabashov N. P. (1957). Results of photometric studies of the Moon and planets at the Kharkiv State University Astronomical Observatory. Kharkov: Yzdatelstvo KhHU, 137 p. [in Russian].
18. Barabashov N. P. (1960). Physical observations of the Moon and planets. Astronomy in the USSR over forty years (1917-1957). Moskva: Fyzmatlyt, 135-156 [in Russian].
19. Barabashov N. P. (1962). On scattering and true absorption in the atmosphere of Mars. Circular Astron. observatory of the Kharkiv State Univ., No. 25, 3-14 [in Russian].
20. Barabashov N. P., Belkyna Y. L. (1965). Spectrophotometric study of the large dark spot on Venus. Bull. Kharkiv State Univ.
No. 8, Issue. 2, 3-11 [in Russian].
21. Barabashov N. P., Ezerskyj V. Y. (1950). Photometry of Venus. Bull. Acad. Sci. Kazakh SSR, No. 90, Issue. 1-2, 36-52 [in Russian].
22. Barabashov N. P., Koval' Y. K. (1959). Photographic photometry of Mars with light filters during the great opposition in 1956. Kharkov: Yzd-vo KhHU, 531 p. [in Russian].
23. Barabashov M. P., Semejkin B. Ye. (1935). Results of the application of photographic photometry to the study of planets. Scientific Notes of Kharkiv State University, 1, 68-78 [in Ukrainian].
24. Barabashov N. P., Semejkyn B. E. (1936). On the temperature effect of photographic plates. Proc. Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Metrology and Standardization, No. 1, 3-11 [in Russian].
25. Barabashov N. P., Tymoshenko Y. F. (1940). Photographic photometry of Mars in red and blue rays. Astron. J., 17, No. 5, 44-53 [in Russian].
26. Barabashov N. P., Chekyrda A. T. (1950). Photographic spectrophotometry of Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Proc. Astron. Observatory, 1, No. 9, 19-23 [in Russian].
27. Vavylova Y. B. (2008). The Academician N. P. Barabashov's Planetology Scientific School. 200 years of astronomy at Kharkiv University. Kharkov: KhNU, 175-179 [in Ukrainian].
28. Vavylova I. B. (2005). Scientific Astronomy Schools of Ukraine in the 20th Century. Conditions for Formation and Identification. Science and Science of Science, No. 4, 67-75 [in Ukrainian].
29. Vavylova I. B. (2012). Astronomy. Ukrainian Culture of the 20th and Early 21st Centuries. Culture and Development of Science and Technology in Ukraine. Kyiv: Naukova dumka, Vol. 5, Issue 3, 560-598 [in Ukrainian].
30. Vavylova I. B., Artemenko T. H. (2024). Scientific schools of MАО NAS of Ukraine. Enchanted by the Holosiiv sky. Historical and biographical edition. Ed. I. B. Vavylovoi. Kyiv: HAO NAN Ukrainy, 311-377 [in Ukrainian].
31. Zosymovych I. D. (1979). Astronomical Research in Ukraine. Essays on the History of Natural Science and Technology, Issue
25, 19-32 [in Ukrainian].
32. Kysliuk V. S., Shkuratov Yu. H., Yatskiv Ya. S. (1996). Exploration of the Moon from space: tasks, potentialities, and prospects of the Ukrainian science and engineering. Space Science and Technology, 2, No. 1-2, 3-15 [in Ukrainian].
https://doi.org/10.15407/knit1996.01.003
33. Koval Yu. Yu. (2024). Activities of Academician M. P. Barabashov in organizing the Commission on Planetary Physics of the Astronomical Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Science and Science of Science, No. 3, 108-129 [in Ukrainian].
https://doi.org/10.15407/sofs2024.03.108
34. Koval Yu. Yu. (2024). The founding and development of M. P. Barabashov's Scientific School of Planetology in the 1930s 1970s. Automation, electronics, information and measurement technologies: education, science, practice: materials of the V Int. Sci. and Techn. Conf. (November 28-29, 2024). Kharkiv, 232-233 [in Ukrainian].
35. Koval Yu. Yu. (2025). Naukovo-osvitnia, orhanizatsijna ta hromads'ka diial'nist' akademika AN URSR M. P. Barabashova (1894-1971) [Scientific, educational, organizational, and public activities of Academician of the Academy of Sciences
of the Ukrainian SSR M. P. Barabashov (1894-1971)]: dys. ... dok-ra filosofii. Kharkiv: NTU «KhPI», 2025. 217 p. [in Ukrainian].
36. Lebedynets V. N. (1957). Absolute photographic photometry of Jupiter and Saturn with light filters. Scientific Notes of Kharkiv State Univ., 91, 167-239 [in Russian].
37. Nikolenko D. M. (2012). The Astronomical School of Nikolai Pavlovich Barabashov. Ukraine and the World: humanities and technical elite and social progress. Abstracts of reports of the Int. Sci. and Theor. Conf. Kharkiv: NTU «KhPI», Part 3, 11-113 [in Ukrainian].
38. Khramov Yu. O. (2008). Scientific Schools in the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Science and Science of Science, No. 4, 122-133 [in Ukrainian].
39. Fedorets V. A. (1952). Photographic photometry of the lunar surface. Scientific notes of Kharkov State Univ., 42, 49-172 [in Russian].
40. Furdylo V. D. (1941). Monochromatic photometry of the rings of Saturn. Publs Kharkiv Astron. Observatory, 7, 53-68 [in Russian].
41. Yanyts'kyj B. (1994). Barabashov School. Sloboda Region. August 18 [in Ukrainian].
42. Yatskiv Ya. S. (1996). Space research of Mars at the turn of the millennium. Space Science and Technology, 2, No. 3-4, 5-9 [in Ukrainian].
https://doi.org/10.15407/knit1996.03.005
43. Artemenko T. G., Balyshev M. A., Vavilova I. B. (2009). Struve dynasty in the history of astronomy in Ukraine. Kinematics and Phys. Celestial Bodies, 25(3), 153-167. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591309030040
https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591309030040
44. Balyshev M. A. (2018). Historical and biographical research of life and scientific activity of Boris Semeykin (1900-1938). Kinematics and Phys. Celestial Bodies, 34(2), 98-101. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591318020022
https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591318020022
45. Balyshev M. A. (2022). Activity of the Astronomical Observatory of Kharkiv University and Its Employees during the German-Soviet War (1941-1945). Kinematics and Phys. Celestial Bodies, 38(5), 279-285.
https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591322050038
46. Barabascheff N. (1923). Bestimmung der Erdalbedo und des Reflexion Gesetzes für die Oberflache der Mondmeere. Theorie der Rillen. Astron. Nachr., 217 (5207), 445-452.
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.19222172302
47. Barabascheff N. (1926). Polarimetrische Beobachtungen an der Mondoberfläche und an Gesteinen. Astron. Nachr., 229 (5473), 7-14.
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.19262290104
48. Vavilova I. B., Artemenko T. G., Pakuliak L. K. (2014). Biographical index "Astronomers of Ukraine" at the UkrVO portal. Kinematics and Phys. Celestial Bodies, 30(1), 46-52. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591314010073
https://doi.org/10.3103/S0884591314010073
49. Vavilova I. B., Dobrycheva D. V., Vasylenko M. Yu., Elyiv A. A., Melnyk O. V., Khramtsov V. (2021). Machine learning technique for mor-phological classify-cation of galaxies from the SDSS. I. Photomet ry-based approach. Astron. and Astrophys., 648, Id. A122, 14 p.
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038981
50. Yatskiv Y. S., Vavilova I. B. (2009). Astronomy education and scientific schools in Ukraine. Proc. Int. Astron. Union, IAU Symp. S260: The Role of Astronomy in Society and Culture, 5, 696-703.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743921311003048