THE PATH OF WOMEN IN ASTRONOMY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SCIENTIFIC WORK OF ASTROPHYSICIST PARASKOVIA PARKHOMENKO
Heading:
| Balyshev, MA |
| Space Sci. & Technol. 2026, 32 ;(3):81-105 |
| https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2026.03.081 |
| Publication Language: Українська |
Abstract: Th is article focuses on reconstructing the academic biography of Ukrainian astrophysicist Paraskovia Parсhomenko. It places
her work within the context of the development of theoretical astrophysics in the fi rst half of the 20th century. Th is piece has been prepared to mark the 140th anniversary of her birth. Th e work provides a comprehensive analysis of Parсhomenko’s scientifi c output, drawing on a wide range of sources, including archival materials introduced into scientifi c circulation for the fi rst time, which has enabled the signifi cant clarifi cation of certain stages of her life and professional career. Particular attention is paid to the period of the researcher’s work at the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory and her contribution to the development of theoretical studies of the solar atmosphere. Th e study aims to comprehensively reconstruct Parсhomenko’s scientifi c biography and determine her role in the development in stellar atmospheric physics and radiation transport problems. Th e methodological foundation of the work is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, and objectivity, implemented through a combination of general scientifi c and specialized historical methods. Th e application of these approaches made it possible to examine her work within the context of international scientifi c discourse, particularly by comparing it with the research of leading European astrophysicists of the interwar period. Th e scientifi c novelty of the article lies in a systematic re-examination of Parсhomenko’s theoretical body of work, particularly her studies on radiative equilibrium, the optics of the solar atmosphere, and analytical methods for solving integral equations of radiation transport. It has been demonstrated that her research addressed the key issues in astrophysics of the time and was integrated into the international scientifi c community, as evidenced by its systematic citation in leading European publications. A synthesis of the research fi ndings led to the conclusion that P. Parсhomenko made a signifi cant contribution to the development of theoretical astrophysics. It is shown that her scientifi c work, particularly in the study of the structure of the solar atmosphere and radiation transport processes, represents an important stage in the formation of relevant theoretical approaches. At the same time, the infl uence of socio-institutional factors on the conditions of her scientifi c activity and the subsequent reception of her works within the scientifi c community has been analyzed, enabling a more accurate defi nition of the researcher’s place in the history of science in the fi rst half of the 20th century. |
| Keywords: gender aspects of science, history of astrophysics, history of science and technology, Kharkiv astronomical observatory, P. Parсhomenko, radiation transfer, radiative equilibrium, scientifi c biography, solar atmosphere, theoretical astrophysics, women in science |
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Ukrainian].
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Ukrainian].
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Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR, Vol. 5, 192-195 [in Russian].
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SSSR, Vol. 6, 269-274 [in Russian].
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Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR, Vol. 6, 265-268 [in Russian].
56. Parchomenko P., Krysenko L. (1940). Uber die Senkung der Chromosphare in der Nahe der Protuberanzen. Sterne, 20 (8), 140-141.
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Vol. 6, 275-276 [in Russian].
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Planeten und Monde: Verzeichnis der Sternwarten und Beobachter. Astronomischer Jahresbericht, 31. 132. (1929).
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Stars (in reference to the work of Professor E. A. Milne). Mon. Notic. Roy. Astron. Soc., 87 (3), 209-215.
2. Asplind B. (1929). Zwei Identitaten des Planeten 1129 [1929 PH]. Astron. Nachr., 236 (5652), 285-288.
Astronomy in the USSR over Th irty Years (1917-1947) (1948). Ed. M. S. Zverev. Moscow-Leningrad: OGIZ, 292 p. [in Russian].
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4. Balyshev M. A. (2008). From the History of Kharkiv Observatory: Biographical Essays. 200 Years of Astronomy at Kharkiv
University. Ed. Prof. Yu. G. Shkuratov. Kharkiv: KhNU, 99-154 [in Russian].
5. Balyshev M. A. (2018). Historical and Biographical Study of the Life and Work of Ukrainian Astronomer Paraskoviia Heorhiivna
Parkhomenko. Science and Scienсe of Science, No. 1, 114-137 [in Ukrainian].
6. Balyshev M. A. (2020). Historical and Biographical Study of the Life and Work of Ukrainian Astrophysicist Professor Mstyslav
Serhiiovych Savron (1902-1943). Science and Scienсe of Science, No. 2, 96-124.
https://doi.org/10.15407/sofs2020.02.0968 [in Ukrainian].
7. Balyshev M. A. (2020). Astronomy in Kharkiv during the Civil War Period of the Ukrainian Revolution (1917-1921). Studies
in History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, 29, No. 2, 110-118.
https://doi.org/10.15421/272027
8. Balyshev M. A. (2022). Astronomical Research in Kharkiv in the End of the 19th century - the First Half of the 20th Century.
Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 560 p.
https://doi.org/10.15407/976-966-00-1863-1 [in Ukrainian].
9. Barabashov N. P. (1932). Report of the Kharkiv Astronomical Observatory. Astron. J., 9, No. 3-4, 294-298 [in Russian].
10. Barabashov N. P. (1935). Report on the Activities of the Astronomical Observatory of Kharkiv State University for 1934. Astron.
J., 12, No. 4, 393-395 [in Russian].
11. Barabashov N. P. (1939). Report on the Activities of the Astronomical Observatory of Kharkiv State University for 1938. Astron.
J., 16, No. 2, 112-113 [in Russian].
12. Bowen I. S. (1927). Th e Origin of the Nebulium Spectrum. Nature, 120 (3021), 473.
https://doi.org/10.1038/120473a0
13. Brillouin L. (1920). La theorie des solides et les quanta. Ann. scientifi ques de l'Ecole Normale Superieure, 37 (3), 357-459.
https://doi.org/10.24033/asens.727
13. Brincat S. M. (2016). Rotation Period Determinations for 1166 Sakuntala and 3958 Komendantov. Th e Minor Planet Bull., 43
(3), 200-201.
14. Dadaev A. N. (2008). Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kozyrev. Time and Stars: On the 100th Anniversary of N. A. Kozyrev. St. Petersburg:
Nestor-Istoriia, 3-89 [in Russian].
15. Ditteon R., West J. (2011). Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Oakley Southern Observatory: 2011 January thru April. Th e
Minor Planet Bull., 38 (4), 214-217.
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Dubna: Feniks, 213-219 [in Russian].
17. Eddington A. S. (1924). On the Relation between the Masses and Luminosities of the Stars. Mon. Notic. Roy. Astron. Soc., 84 (5), 308-332.
https://doi.org/10.1038/113786a0
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i synov'ia, 24-40 [in Russian].
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Press.
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Astrophys., 674, A12.
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243602
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88 (2), 139-142.
22. Hubble E. (1935). Angular Rotations of Spiral Nebulae. Astrophys. J., 81, 334-335.
https://doi.org/10.1086/143633
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https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/85.9.914
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https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.19242221105
25. Jewdokimow N. (1925). Beobachtungen der Mondfi nsternis 1924 August 14. Astron. Nachr., 224 (5361), 159-161.
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.19252240904
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29. Martynov D. (2012). Half a Century at the Telescope: Kazan Period (1922-1954). Moscow: MGU, 439 p. [in Russian].
30. Memories of Grigorii Abramovich and Pelageia Fedorovna Shainakh (1995). Proc. Crimean Astrophys. Observ., 90, 110-161
[in Russian].
31. Milne E. A., Pannekoek A., Rosseland S., Westphal W. (1930). Handbuch der Astrophysik. Band III. Erste Halft e Grundlagen der
Astrophysik. Berlin: Verlas von Julius Springer.
32. Parchomenko P. (1924). Eine von den Moglichen Interpretationen der inneren Bewegung in den Spiralnebeln. Astron. Nachr.,222 (5326), 369-376.
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.19242222103
33. Parchomenko P. (1926). Bemerkung zur Eddington'schen Th eorie. Russian Astron. J., 3 (3-4), 315-318.
34. Parchomenko P. (1926). Uber das Strahlungsgleichgewicht der oberen Schichten der Sonne. Astron. Nachr., 227 (5443), 305-315.
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.19262271902
35. Parchomenko P. (1927). Einige Bemerkungen uber die Sonnenstrahlung. Astron. Nachr., 230 (5501), 91-96.
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.19272300504
36. Parchomenko P. (1928). Uber Sonnenausstrahlung. Astron. Nachr., 233 (5588), 329-336.
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.19282332002
37. Parchomenko P. (1928). Zur Frage von der Moglichkeit einer Losung der homogen Integralgleichung von Milne. Astron. Nachr., 233 (5584), 267-270.
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.19282331603
38. Parchomenko P. (1930). Positionen und Bahn des Planeten 1929 PH. Astron. Nachr., 239 (5725), 229-230.
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.19302391306
39. Parkhomenko P. G. (1931). Method for Studying Absorption in the Solar Atmosphere. Astron. J., 8, No. 3-4, 223-228
[in Russian].
40. Parkhomenko P. G. (1932). On the Properties of Radiation in the Solar Atmosphere. Astron. J., 9, No. 3-4, 135-139 [in Russian].
41. Parchomenko P. (1933). Die Form der Sonnеnfl ecke. Zeitschrift fur Astrophysik, 7 (4), 22-25.
42. Parkhomenko P. G. (1933). Formulas for Accounting the Halo Eff ect. Astron. J., 10, No. 4, 394-399 [in Russian].
43. Parkhomenko P. G. (1933). Characteristics of the Outer Layer of the Sun. Publ. Kharkiv Astron. Observatory, Issue 4, 54-60
[in Ukrainian].
44. Parchomenko P. (1934). Verallgemeinerung der Gleichungen der Ubertragung Strahlungsenergie in einer Stern Atmosphare.
Zeitschrift fur Astrophysik, 8 (2), 118-123.
45. Parchomenko P. (1935). Die Optik der Sonnenatmosphare. Astron. J., 12 (2), 140-144.
46. Parkhomenko P. G. (1935). Properties of Solar Radiation. Publ. Kharkiv Astron. Observatory, Issue 5, 55-62 [in Ukrainian].
47. Parchomenko P. (1936). Th e structure of the solar atmosphere. Observatory, 59 (751), 375-377.
48. Parkhomenko P. G. (1936). Changes in the Outer Corona. Bull. VLAG, No. 41, 225-226 [in Russian].
49. Parkhomenko P. G. (1936). Optics of the Solar Atmosphere. Scientifi c Notes of Kharkiv State University, Issue 6-7, 79-87 [in
Ukrainian].
50. Parkhomenko P. G. (1938). Generalized Formula of the Inverse Method. Publ. Kharkiv Astron. Observatory, 6, 123-132 [in
Ukrainian].
51. Parchomenko P. (1940). Zur Frage der Erforschung der Sonnenatmosphare. Astron. Nachr., 270 (4), 193-195.
https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.19402700410
52. Parkhomenko P. G. (1957). On the Origin of Elements. Probl. Cosmogony. Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR, Vol. 5, 181-191 [in
Russian].
53. Parkhomenko P. G. (1957). On the Preservation of Equilibrium Populations for Intermediate Atoms. Problems of Cosmogony.
Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR, Vol. 5, 192-195 [in Russian].
54. Parkhomenko P. G. (1958). Location of the Equilibrium Th ermonuclear Medium. Problems of Cosmogony. Moscow: Izd-vo AN
SSSR, Vol. 6, 269-274 [in Russian].
55. Parkhomenko P. G. (1958). On the Preservation of Populations during the Formation of Elements. Problems of Cosmogony.
Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR, Vol. 6, 265-268 [in Russian].
56. Parchomenko P., Krysenko L. (1940). Uber die Senkung der Chromosphare in der Nahe der Protuberanzen. Sterne, 20 (8), 140-141.
57. Pikel'ner S. B. (1958). On the Th eories of "Equilibrium" Origin of Elements. Problems of Cosmogony. Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR,
Vol. 6, 275-276 [in Russian].
58. Planck M. (1914). Th e Th eory of Heat Radiation. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co.
Planeten und Monde: Verzeichnis der Sternwarten und Beobachter. Astronomischer Jahresbericht, 31. 132. (1929).
59. Plaskett J. S. (1928). Th e Structure and Rotation of the Galaxy. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacif., 40 (235), 149-176.
60. Poltava Calendar for 1909 (1909). Poltava: Tipo-Litografi ia Gubern. Pravleniia, 380 p. [in Russian].
61. Pronik I. I. (2007). Simeiz Period in the Life of Solomon Borisovich Pikel'ner. Proc. Crimean Astrophys. Observatory, 103,
No. 2, 78-85 [in Russian].
62. Report for 1914: Higher Women's Courses. Kharkiv: Typo-Litografi ia S. Ivanchenko, 1914. 55 p. [in Russian].
63. Schmadel L. D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Fift h Revised and Enlarged Edition. Heidelberg: Springer Science &
Business Media.
64. Slastenov A. I. (1955). Astronomy at Kharkiv University over 150 Years (Historical Review). Kharkiv: KHU, 184 p. [in Russian].
65. Societe Astronomique de France. Seance du mercredi 3 novembre 1926. L'Astronomie, 40, 495-508. (1926).
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71. Warner B. D. (2016). Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at CS3-Palmer Divide Station: 2015 September-December. Th e Minor Planet
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73. Yevdokimov M. M. (1931). Observations of the Lunar Eclipse. Publ. Kharkiv Astron. Observatory, Issue 3, 78-79 [in Ukrainian].
74. Yevdokimov N. N., Struve L. O. (1914). Brief Report on the Expedition for Observing the Total Solar Eclipse of 8 (21) August
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75. Zavalniuk O. M., Yablonska D. R. (2022). Ukrainian Scientists and Political Commissars in the History of Kamianets-Podilskyi
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