Physical effects of the January 15, 2022, powerful Tonga volcano explosion in the Earth-atmosphere-ionosphere-magnitosphere system
Heading:
| 1Chernogor, LF 1V.N. Karazin National University of Kharkiv, Kharkiv, Ukraine |
| Space Sci. & Technol. 2023, 29 ;(2):54-77 |
| https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2023.02.054 |
| Publication Language: Ukrainian |
Abstract: The Tonga volcano explosion has already been dealt with in many papers, which investigate the effects of tsunamis, atmospheric explosive waves, travelling ionospheric disturbances, the perturbations of the equatorial anomaly, rearrangement of the ionospheric currents and of the atmospheric wind pattern, disturbances in the geomagnetic field, etc. It is reliably established that the explosion of the Tonga volcano caused a number of processes on a global scale. However, the modeling of these processes is absent in the literature. The volcano is capable to launch a whole complex of physical processes in all geophysical fields within the Earth–(lithosphere, tectonosphere, ocean)–atmosphere–ionosphere–magnetosphere (EAIM) system. Analysis of the entire set of processes in the system caused by a unique explosion and volcanic eruption is a pressing scientific issue.
The scientific objective of this study is to perform a comprehensive analysis and modeling of the main physical processes within the EAIM system, which accompanied the powerful explosion of the Tonga volcano on January 15, 2022. The article attempts to model or estimate the magnitude of the main effects caused by the explosion and eruption of the Tonga volcano. A comprehensive analysis and modeling of the main physical processes in the EAIM system, which accompanied the powerful explosion and eruption of the Tonga volcano on January 15, 2022, has been performed. The energetics of the volcano and of the atmosphericexplosivewave has been estimated. The thermal energy of the volcano attained ~ 3.9x1018J, while the mean thermal power has been estimated to be 9.1x1013W. The energy of the atmosphericexplosivewavewas about 16–17 MtTNT. The volcanic flow with initial pressure of tens of atmosphereswas determined to reach a few kilometers height, while the volcanic plume attained the peak altitude of 50–58 km and moved 15Mm westward. The main parameters of the plume have been estimated. The plume mean power was 7.5 TW, and its heat flux 15 MW/m2. With such a flux, one should have expected the appearance of a fire tornado with an ~0.17 s–1 angular frequency or a 37 s tornado rotation period. An analytical relation has been derived for estimating the maximum altitude of the plume rise. The main contribution to the magnitude of this altitude makes the volumetric discharge rate.
The volcano explosion was accompanied by the generation of seismic and atmospheric explosive waves, tsunamis, Lamb waves, atmospheric gravity waves, infrasound, and sound, which propagated on a global scale. It is important to note that the powerful atmosphericexplosivewave could launch a secondary seismic wave and a secondary tsunami, which was one of the manifestations of subsystem couplings in the EAIM system. The propagation of powerful waves was accompanied by nonlinear distortions of the wave profiles and non-linear attenuation as a result of self-action of the waves. The electric processes in the troposphere are associated with spraying the eruption products, the electrification of the constituent particles in the plume, a charge separation, perturbations in the global electric circuit, and with an increase in the atmospheric electric field, the electric conductivity, and in the electric current. The electric effect in the ionosphere is due to an increase in the strength of the ionospheric electric field by one or two orders of magnitude, which resulted in the secondary processes in the magnetosphere and in the inner radiation belt. The magnetic effect of the submarine volcano explosion and eruption was established to be significant (~ 100–1,000 nT) but local. The magnetic effect in the ionosphere was due to the perturbations of the ionospheric dynamo current system under the action of the ionospheric hole (∆B ~ 0.1–1 nT) and due to the generation of the external current in the field of atmospheric waves (∆B ~ 1–10 nT). Dusting the atmosphere with the eruption plume acted to scatter solar radiation by aerosols, to disturb radiation balance in the Earth surface–ocean–atmosphere system, to cool the atmosphereat the air-earth boundary, and to lead to triggering effects.
The volcano explosion acted to generate aperiodic (ionospheric hole) and quasi-sinusoidal (wave) perturbations. Wave perturbations exhibited two characteristic speeds, ~300 m/s, which is close to the speed of the Lamb wave, and 700–1,000 m/s, which is characteristic of atmospheric gravity waves at ionospheric heights. The magnetospheric effects are due to, first of all, powerful electromagnetic waves in the ~ 10–100 kHz range from tens of to hundreds of thousands lightning discharges that occurred within the volcanic plume. The energy and power of these radio emissions have been estimated to be 40–400 GJand 40–400 GW, respectively. These emissions acted to cause precipitation of relativistic electrons from the radiation belt into the ionosphere and to enhance the ionization in the ~ 70–120 km altitude range. It is important to note that the burst of precipitation was triggered. The Alfven waves that propagated from their source along magnetic field lines had a certain effect on the magnetosphere. The direct and reverse, positive and negative couplings between the components of the EAIM system have been determined and validated.
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| Keywords: atmosphere, earthquake, ionosphere, magnetosphere, parameter disturbance, physical effects, Tonga volcano explosion, tsunami |
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